AdrOS

Overview

AdrOS is a Unix-like, POSIX-compatible, multi-architecture operating system developed for research and academic purposes. The goal is to build a secure, monolithic kernel from scratch, eventually serving as a platform for security testing and exploit development.

Architectures Targeted

• x86 (32-bit, PAE) — primary, fully functional target
• ARM64 (AArch64) — boots on QEMU virt, UART console, minimal kernel
• RISC-V 64 — boots on QEMU virt, UART console, minimal kernel
• MIPS32 (little-endian) — boots on QEMU Malta, UART console, minimal kernel

Technical Stack

• Language: C and Assembly
• Bootloader: GRUB2 (Multiboot2 compliant)
• Build System: Make + Cross-Compilers
• TCP/IP: lwIP (lightweight IP stack, NO_SYS=0 threaded mode)

Features

Boot & Architecture

• Multi-arch build system — make ARCH=x86|arm|riscv|mips; ARM64 and RISC-V boot on QEMU virt with UART console
• Multiboot2 (via GRUB), higher-half kernel mapping (3GB+)
• CPUID feature detection — leaf 0/1/7/extended; SMEP/SMAP detection
• SYSENTER fast syscall path — MSR setup + handler
• PAE paging with NX bit — hardware W^X enforcement on data segments

Memory Management

• PMM — bitmap allocator with spinlock protection, frame reference counting, and contiguous block allocation
• VMM — PAE recursive page directory, per-process address spaces (PDPT + 4 PDs), TLB flush
• Copy-on-Write (CoW) fork — PTE bit 9 as CoW marker + page fault handler
• Kernel heap — 8MB Buddy Allocator (power-of-2 blocks 32B–8MB, circular free lists, buddy coalescing, corruption detection)
• Slab allocator — slab_cache_t with free-list-in-place and spinlock
• Shared memory — System V IPC style (shmget/shmat/shmdt/shmctl)
• mmap/munmap — anonymous mappings, shared memory backing, and file-backed (fd) mappings
• SMEP — Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention enabled in CR4
• SMAP — Supervisor Mode Access Prevention enabled in CR4 (bit 21)
• W^X — user .text segments marked read-only after ELF load; NX on data segments
• Guard pages — 32KB user stack with unmapped guard page below (triggers SIGSEGV on overflow); kernel stacks use dedicated guard-paged region at 0xC8000000
• ASLR — TSC-seeded xorshift32 PRNG randomizes user stack base by up to 1MB per execve
• vDSO — kernel-updated shared page mapped read-only into every user process at 0x007FE000

Process & Scheduling

• O(1) scheduler — bitmap + active/expired arrays, 32 priority levels, decay-based priority adjustment
• Per-CPU runqueue infrastructure — per-CPU load counters with atomic operations, least-loaded CPU query
• posix_spawn — efficient fork+exec in single syscall with file actions and attributes
• Interval timers — setitimer/getitimer (ITIMER_REAL, ITIMER_VIRTUAL, ITIMER_PROF)
• Process model — fork (CoW), execve, exit, waitpid (WNOHANG), getpid, getppid
• Threads — clone syscall with CLONE_VM/CLONE_FILES/CLONE_THREAD/CLONE_SETTLS
• TLS — set_thread_area via GDT entry 22 (user GS segment, ring 3)
• Futex — FUTEX_WAIT/FUTEX_WAKE with global waiter table for efficient thread synchronization
• Sessions & groups — setsid, setpgid, getpgrp
• Permissions — per-process uid/gid/euid/egid; chmod, chown, setuid, setgid, seteuid, setegid, access, umask; VFS permission enforcement on open()
• User heap — brk/sbrk syscall
• Time — nanosleep, clock_gettime (CLOCK_REALTIME via RTC, CLOCK_MONOTONIC with TSC nanosecond precision), alarm/SIGALRM, times (CPU accounting)

Syscalls (x86, int 0x80 + SYSENTER)

• File I/O: open, openat, read, write, close, lseek, stat, fstat, fstatat, dup, dup2, dup3, pipe, pipe2, select, poll, ioctl, fcntl, getdents, pread, pwrite, readv, writev, truncate, ftruncate, fsync, fdatasync, flock
• Directory ops: mkdir, rmdir, unlink, unlinkat, rename, chdir, getcwd, link, symlink, readlink, chmod, chown, access, umask
• Signals: sigaction (SA_SIGINFO), sigprocmask, kill, sigreturn (full trampoline), sigpending, sigsuspend, sigaltstack, sigqueue
• Process: setuid, setgid, seteuid, setegid, getuid, getgid, geteuid, getegid, alarm, times, futex, waitid, posix_spawn, setitimer, getitimer, pivot_root, gettimeofday, mprotect, getrlimit, setrlimit, uname, getrusage, mount
• IPC: mq_open, mq_close, mq_unlink, mq_send, mq_receive, mq_getattr, mq_setattr, sem_open, sem_close, sem_unlink, sem_wait, sem_post, sem_getvalue
• I/O multiplexing (advanced): epoll_create, epoll_ctl, epoll_wait, inotify_init, inotify_add_watch, inotify_rm_watch
• Async I/O: aio_read, aio_write, aio_error, aio_return, aio_suspend
• FD flags: O_NONBLOCK, O_CLOEXEC, O_APPEND, FD_CLOEXEC via fcntl (F_GETFD/F_SETFD/F_GETFL/F_SETFL)
• File locking: flock (advisory locking with per-inode lock table)
• Shared memory: shmget, shmat, shmdt, shmctl
• Threads: clone, gettid, set_thread_area, futex
• Networking: socket, bind, listen, accept, connect, send, recv, sendto, recvfrom, sendmsg, recvmsg, setsockopt, getsockopt, shutdown, getpeername, getsockname
• Per-process fd table with atomic refcounted file objects
• Centralized user-pointer access API (user_range_ok, copy_from_user, copy_to_user)
• Error returns use negative errno codes (Linux-style)

TTY / PTY

• Canonical + raw mode — ICANON clearable via TCSETS
• Signal characters — Ctrl+C→SIGINT, Ctrl+Z→SIGTSTP, Ctrl+D→EOF, Ctrl+\→SIGQUIT
• Job control — SIGTTIN/SIGTTOU enforcement for background process groups
• OPOST output processing — ONLCR (\n → \r\n) on TTY and PTY slave output; c_oflag exposed via TCGETS/TCSETS
• Console output routing — userspace write(fd 1/2) goes through VFS → /dev/console → TTY line discipline → UART + VGA (industry-standard path matching Linux)
• fd 0/1/2 init — kernel opens /dev/console as fd 0, 1, 2 before exec init (mirrors Linux kernel_init)
• PTY — /dev/ptmx + /dev/pts/N (up to 8 dynamic pairs) with non-blocking I/O, per-PTY c_oflag and OPOST/ONLCR line discipline
• Window size — TIOCGWINSZ/TIOCSWINSZ
• termios — TCGETS, TCSETS, TIOCGPGRP, TIOCSPGRP, VMIN/VTIME, c_oflag
• Wait queues — generic waitqueue_t abstraction for blocking I/O

Filesystems (10 types)

• tmpfs — in-memory filesystem
• devfs — /dev/null, /dev/zero, /dev/random, /dev/urandom, /dev/console, /dev/tty, /dev/ptmx, /dev/pts/N, /dev/fb0 (framebuffer), /dev/kbd (raw scancodes)
• overlayfs — copy-up semantics
• diskfs — hierarchical inode-based on-disk filesystem at /disk with symlinks and hard links
• persistfs — minimal persistence at /persist
• procfs — /proc/meminfo + per-process /proc/[pid]/status, /proc/[pid]/maps
• FAT12/16/32 — unified FAT driver with full RW support (auto-detection by cluster count per MS spec), 8.3 filenames, subdirectories, cluster chain management, all VFS mutation ops (create/write/delete/mkdir/rmdir/rename/truncate)
• ext2 — full RW ext2 filesystem: superblock + block group descriptors, inode read/write, block bitmaps, inode bitmaps, direct/indirect/doubly-indirect/triply-indirect block mapping, directory entry add/remove/split, hard links, symlinks (inline small targets), create/write/delete/mkdir/rmdir/rename/truncate/link
• Generic readdir/getdents across all VFS types; symlink following in path resolution

Networking

• E1000 NIC — Intel 82540EM driver (MMIO, IRQ 11 via IOAPIC level-triggered, interrupt-driven RX)
• lwIP TCP/IP stack — NO_SYS=0 threaded mode, IPv4, static IP (10.0.2.15 via QEMU user-net)
• Socket API — socket/bind/listen/accept/connect/send/recv/sendto/recvfrom
• Protocols — TCP (SOCK_STREAM) + UDP (SOCK_DGRAM) + ICMP
• IPv6 — lwIP dual-stack (IPv4 + IPv6), link-local auto-configuration
• ICMP ping — kernel-level ping test to QEMU gateway (10.0.2.2) during boot
• DNS resolver — lwIP-based with async callback and timeout; kernel dns_resolve() wrapper
• DHCP client — automatic IPv4 configuration via lwIP DHCP; fallback to static IP
• getaddrinfo / /etc/hosts — kernel-level hostname resolution with hosts file lookup

Drivers & Hardware

• PCI — full bus/slot/func enumeration with BAR + IRQ
• ATA PIO + DMA — Bus Master IDE with bounce buffer + zero-copy direct DMA, PRDT, IRQ coordination; multi-drive support (4 drives: hda/hdb/hdc/hdd across 2 channels)
• LAPIC + IOAPIC — replaces legacy PIC; ISA edge-triggered + PCI level-triggered IRQ routing
• SMP — 4 CPUs via INIT-SIPI-SIPI, per-CPU data via GS segment
• ACPI — MADT parsing for CPU topology and IOAPIC discovery
• VBE framebuffer — maps LFB, pixel drawing, font rendering; /dev/fb0 device with ioctl/mmap for userspace access
• UART, VGA text, PS/2 keyboard, PIT timer, LAPIC timer
• Kernel console (kconsole) — interactive debug shell with readline, scrollback, command history
• RTC — CMOS real-time clock driver for wall-clock time (CLOCK_REALTIME)
• E1000 NIC — Intel 82540EM Ethernet controller (interrupt-driven RX thread)
• Virtio-blk driver — PCI legacy virtio-blk with virtqueue, interrupt-driven I/O
• MTRR — write-combining support via variable-range MTRR programming

Boot & Kernel Infrastructure

• Kernel command line — Linux-like parser (init=, root=, console=, ring3, quiet, noapic, nosmp); unknown tokens forwarded to init as argv/envp
• /proc/cmdline — exposes raw kernel command line to userspace
• root= parameter — auto-detect and mount filesystem from specified ATA device at /disk
• Kernel synchronization — counting semaphores (ksem_t), mutexes (kmutex_t), condition variables (kcond_t), mailboxes (kmbox_t) with IRQ-safe signaling
• TSC nanosecond clock — clock_gettime_ns() calibrated during LAPIC/PIT window; CLOCK_MONOTONIC uses sub-microsecond TSC precision
• IRQ chaining — shared-IRQ support via static pool of handler nodes; register_interrupt_handler auto-chains, unregister_interrupt_handler removes
• FPU/SSE context — per-process FXSAVE/FXRSTOR save/restore across context switches; 16-byte aligned heap
• Rump Kernel scaffold — rumpuser hypercall layer (init, malloc/free, console, clock, random); Phase 1+3 complete

Userland

• ulibc — printf, malloc/free/calloc/realloc, string.h, unistd.h, errno.h, pthread.h, signal.h, stdio.h (buffered I/O with line-buffered stdout, unbuffered stderr, setvbuf/setbuf, isatty), stdlib.h (atof, strtol), ctype.h, sys/mman.h (mmap/munmap), sys/ioctl.h, sys/times.h, sys/uio.h, sys/types.h, sys/stat.h, time.h (nanosleep/clock_gettime), math.h, assert.h, fcntl.h, strings.h, inttypes.h, linux/futex.h, realpath()
• ELF32 loader — secure with W^X + ASLR; supports ET_EXEC + ET_DYN + PT_INTERP (dynamic linking)
• Shell — /bin/sh (POSIX sh-compatible with builtins, pipes, redirects, $PATH search)
• 52 userland programs — /bin/cat, /bin/ls, /bin/mkdir, /bin/rm, /bin/echo, /bin/cp, /bin/mv, /bin/touch, /bin/ln, /bin/head, /bin/tail, /bin/wc, /bin/sort, /bin/uniq, /bin/cut, /bin/grep, /bin/sed, /bin/awk, /bin/find, /bin/which, /bin/chmod, /bin/chown, /bin/chgrp, /bin/mount, /bin/umount, /bin/ps, /bin/top, /bin/kill, /bin/df, /bin/du, /bin/free, /bin/date, /bin/hostname, /bin/uptime, /bin/uname, /bin/env, /bin/printenv, /bin/id, /bin/tee, /bin/dd, /bin/tr, /bin/basename, /bin/dirname, /bin/pwd, /bin/stat, /bin/sleep, /bin/clear, /bin/rmdir, /bin/dmesg, /bin/who, /bin/pie_test
• /sbin/init — SysV-like init process (inittab, runlevels, respawn)
• /sbin/fulltest — comprehensive smoke test suite (102 checks)
• /bin/doom.elf — DOOM (doomgeneric port) — runs on /dev/fb0 + /dev/kbd
• /lib/ld.so — dynamic linker with auxv parsing, PLT/GOT lazy relocation

Dynamic Linking

• Full ld.so — kernel-side relocation processing for R_386_RELATIVE, R_386_32, R_386_GLOB_DAT, R_386_JMP_SLOT, R_386_COPY, R_386_PC32
• Shared libraries (.so) — dlopen/dlsym/dlclose syscalls for runtime shared library loading
• ELF types — Elf32_Dyn, Elf32_Rel, Elf32_Sym, auxiliary vector (AT_PHDR, AT_ENTRY, AT_BASE)
• PT_INTERP — interpreter loading at 0x40000000, ET_DYN support

Threads & Synchronization

• clone syscall — CLONE_VM, CLONE_FILES, CLONE_SIGHAND, CLONE_THREAD, CLONE_SETTLS
• TLS via GDT — set_thread_area sets GS-based TLS segment (GDT entry 22, ring 3)
• gettid — per-thread unique ID
• ulibc pthread.h — pthread_create, pthread_join, pthread_exit, pthread_self
• Futex — FUTEX_WAIT/FUTEX_WAKE with 32-entry global waiter table
• Thread-group IDs (tgid) for POSIX getpid() semantics

Security

• SMEP enabled (prevents kernel executing user-mapped pages)
• PAE + NX bit — hardware W^X on data segments
• ASLR — stack base randomized per-process via TSC-seeded xorshift32 PRNG
• Guard pages — unmapped page below user stack catches overflows
• user_range_ok hardened (rejects kernel addresses)
• sigreturn eflags sanitized (clears IOPL, ensures IF)
• Atomic file refcounts (__sync_* builtins)
• PMM spinlock for SMP safety

Testing

• 115 host-side tests — test_utils.c (28) + test_security.c (19) + test_host_utils.sh (68 cross-compiled utility tests)
• 102 QEMU smoke tests — 4-CPU expect-based (file I/O, signals, memory mgmt, IPC, devices, procfs, networking, epoll, epollet, inotify, aio, nanosleep, CoW fork, readv/writev, fsync, flock, posix_spawn, TSC precision, gettimeofday, mprotect, getrlimit/setrlimit, uname, LZ4, lazy PLT, execve)
• 16-check test battery — multi-disk ATA (hda+hdb+hdd), VFS mount, ping, diskfs ops (make test-battery)
• Static analysis — cppcheck, sparse, gcc -fanalyzer
• GDB scripted checks — heap/PMM/VGA integrity
• make test-all runs everything

Running

x86 (primary)

make ARCH=x86 iso
make ARCH=x86 run

ARM64 (QEMU virt)

make ARCH=arm
make run-arm

RISC-V 64 (QEMU virt)

make ARCH=riscv
make run-riscv

MIPS32 (QEMU Malta)

make ARCH=mips
make run-mips

QEMU debug helpers: - make ARCH=x86 run QEMU_DEBUG=1 - make ARCH=x86 run QEMU_DEBUG=1 QEMU_INT=1

Status

See POSIX_ROADMAP.md for a detailed checklist.

All 31 planned POSIX tasks are complete, plus 60 additional features (91 total). The kernel covers ~98% of the core POSIX interfaces needed for a practical Unix-like system. All 102 smoke tests, 16 battery checks, and 115 host tests pass clean. ARM64, RISC-V 64, and MIPS32 boot on QEMU.

Rump Kernel integration is in progress — prerequisites (condition variables, TSC nanosecond clock, IRQ chaining) are implemented and the rumpuser hypercall scaffold is in place.

Directory Structure

• src/kernel/ — Architecture-independent kernel (VFS, syscalls, scheduler, tmpfs, diskfs, devfs, overlayfs, procfs, FAT12/16/32, ext2, PTY, TTY, shm, signals, networking, threads, vDSO, KASLR, permissions)
• src/arch/x86/ — x86-specific (boot, VMM, IDT, LAPIC, IOAPIC, SMP, ACPI, CPUID, SYSENTER, ELF loader, MTRR)
• src/arch/arm/ — ARM64-specific (boot, EL2→EL1, PL011 UART, stubs)
• src/arch/riscv/ — RISC-V 64-specific (boot, NS16550 UART, stubs)
• src/arch/mips/ — MIPS32-specific (boot, 16550 UART, stubs)
• src/hal/x86/ — HAL x86 (CPU, keyboard, timer, UART, PCI, ATA PIO/DMA, E1000 NIC, RTC)
• src/drivers/ — Device drivers (VBE, initrd, VGA, timer)
• src/mm/ — Memory management (PMM, heap, slab, arch-independent VMM wrappers)
• src/net/ — Networking (lwIP port, E1000 netif, DNS resolver, ICMP ping test)
• src/rump/ — Rump Kernel hypercall scaffold (rumpuser_adros.c)
• include/ — Header files
• user/ — Userland programs (52 commands: init.c, sh.c, cat.c, ls.c, echo.c, cp.c, mv.c, grep.c, sed.c, awk.c, find.c, which.c, ps.c, top.c, kill.c, mount.c, etc. + ldso.c, fulltest.c, pie_main.c)
• user/doom/ — DOOM port (doomgeneric engine + AdrOS platform adapter)
• user/ulibc/ — Minimal C library (printf, malloc, string.h, errno.h, pthread.h, signal.h, stdio.h, stdlib.h, ctype.h, math.h, sys/mman.h, sys/ioctl.h, sys/uio.h, time.h, linux/futex.h)
• tests/ — Host unit tests, smoke tests, GDB scripted checks
• tools/ — Build tools (mkinitrd — produces USTAR archives with LZ4 Frame compression)
• docs/ — Documentation (POSIX roadmap, audit report, supplementary analysis, testing plan)
• third_party/lwip/ — lwIP TCP/IP stack (vendored)